Nano-spatiotemporal distribution of climate variables (WS, WD, T and RH) in Iraq for forty-three years from 1980 to 2023 using GrADS System

Abstract

Temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) directly affect wind speed (WS) generation, but they also play an important role in modifying air properties and the atmospheric processes that influence air movement. By influencing air density, atmospheric pressure, and evaporation, they can contribute to creating the conditions that lead to wind generation and determine its speed. Therefore, in this research, some of the factors that influence wind speed are studied using data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1980-2023 over Iraq. The data are analyzed using the Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) and Sigma plot programs. The results showed that the prevailing wind direction is northwesterly, with varying wind speeds. The study area is determined based on the data in the graph. Relative humidity depends on its presence in the atmosphere, and its relationship with temperature is directly proportional. All Iraqi stations recorded a significant increase in annual temperatures. The highest observed increases are concentrated in the south, followed by the central regions. However, regions that are historically more moderate (such as the north) began to experience significant increases.